HMRC penalties for late tax returns and late payment

We all do our best to avoid it, but sometimes small businesses and the self-employed can end up with a penalty from HMRC.

HMRC penalties can be expensive and stressful – but, thankfully, sometimes they can be appealed. If you have a reasonable excuse, your penalty may be amended or waived after an appeal.

HMRC issues penalties for late payment of Self Assessment tax, VAT, and corporation tax, as well as late filing, and making mistakes on your tax return. You can also be charged HMRC interest on late payment if you miss your tax bill deadline.

Changes to late payment penalties

New late payment penalties have been introduced for VAT and income tax Self Assessment following the 2025 Spring Statement.

Chancellor Rachel Reeves revealed plans to increase late payment charges for taxpayers signed up to Making Tax Digital from April 2025.

This table highlights how much late payment penalties have increased:

Tax payment	Previous penalties	Current penalties (since 1 April 2025)
Within 15 days	No penalty	No penalty
Within 16 to 30 days	2 per cent of tax owed at day 15	3 per cent of tax owed at day 15
31 days or more	A first and second late payment penalty applies (2 per cent of tax owed at day 15 plus 2 per cent of tax owed at day 30). From day 31, penalties are calculated at a daily rate of 4 per cent a year on the balance due.	A first and second late payment penalty applies (3 per cent of tax owed at day 15 plus 3 per cent of tax owed at day 30). From day 31, penalties are calculated at a daily rate of 10 per cent a year on the balance due.

This is different to the penalties for late filing, which we explain more about below.

In this article, we’ll cover:

Why might I get an HMRC penalty?
Avoiding HMRC penalties – dates to stay on top of
Key types of HMRC penalties
Reasonable excuses for filing your tax return late
How to appeal HMRC penalty charges

Why might I get an HMRC tax penalty?

It’s important to understand the common mistakes that can lead to a penalty. Reasons HMRC might issue a penalty include:

inaccuracies or errors on your return
filing a late tax return
late payment
failing to keep adequate records

Avoiding HMRC penalties – dates to stay on top of

You need to register for Self Assessment by 5 October – read our guide on how to register for and complete your Self Assessment if you’re unsure what you need to do.

The deadline for filing your tax return is 31 October for paper forms and 31 January for online returns. You must pay your tax bill by 31 January. Check out our full list of tax year dates you need to know when running a business.

You can set up a payment plan if you need more time to pay. You’ll be charged interest though, so only use this service if you’re struggling to pay your bill.

Key types of HMRC penalties

There are a range of different types of penalties, based on what kind of tax you’re supposed to be paying, how much, and how late you are.

You can calculate how much HMRC interest, tax, and penalties you might have to pay using this interactive form.

HMRC late filing penalty

If you miss the tax filing deadline then you may have to pay a penalty.

How long since the deadline?	Penalty
One day	£100
Three months	£10 for each additional day, up to 90 days – plus the previous penalty
Six months	Whichever is higher of £300 or 5 per cent of the tax you owe – plus the previous penalties
12 months	An additional £300 or 5 per cent of the tax you owe – or, in some circumstances, 100 per cent of the tax you owe

It’s worth noting that the way that HMRC applies penalties changed to a points-based system in April 2023. This change only applies to VAT customers initially, but will apply to some Self Assessment taxpayers from April 2026 or 2027 (depending on how much your annual income is from your property or business).

HMRC late payment interest and penalties for Self Assessment

HMRC issues Self Assessment late payment penalties, plus interest, if you pay your tax bill late. If you miss a deadline you must contact HMRC as soon as possible.

The UK government website has a tool that helps you estimate your penalty for late payment, including the likely HMRC interest on late payment.

If you’ve signed up to Making Tax Digital for Self Assessment early, then new late submission penalties and late payment penalties will apply to you. But you won’t be charged a penalty via Making Tax Digital until you’ve had the chance to test the service and HMRC has migrated your records to the new system.

Companies House late filing penalties for corporation tax

If you’re a limited company, your corporation tax return is due 12 months after the end of the accounting period it covers, and the deadline to pay your corporation tax bill is usually nine months and one day after the end of your accounting period.

This table shows the corporation tax late filing penalties, based on how long after the deadline you file.

How long since the deadline?	Penalty
One day	£100
Three months	Another £100
Six months	HMRC’s estimate of your corporation tax bill plus 10 per cent of the unpaid tax
12 months	Another 10 per cent of any unpaid tax

VAT late payment penalty

Businesses pay a penalty for paying their VAT bill late.

15 to 30 days overdue – a first late payment penalty is due
31 days overdue – first late payment and second late payment penalty is due, plus a daily rate for every day the tax bill remains unpaid

These late payment penalties for VAT apply from 1 April 2025.

How will late payment penalties work for businesses that don’t pay VAT on time?

The first late payment penalty is three per cent on the VAT owed at day 15. This is the penalty for VAT between 16 and 30 days overdue.

The second late payment penalty is calculated at three per cent of VAT outstanding at day 30, and then a daily rate of 10 per cent a year on the VAT balance left to pay.

It’s possible to use HMRC’s Time to Pay service if you’re struggling to pay on time.

HMRC penalties for undeclared income

If you’ve failed to declare income that you owe tax on, HMRC can issue penalties and charge interest on the amount you owe. This is called a ‘failure to notify’ penalty.

For example, this could be related to a new source of taxable income or you sell an asset and fail to declare the capital gain that you’ll owe tax on.

The penalty will depend on the amount of unpaid tax as a result of failure to notify. You may be able to reduce a penalty if you tell HMRC about the failure.

HMRC penalties for inaccuracies: what happens if you make a mistake on your tax return?

If you make a mistake on your tax return, it’s possible to amend it after filing (within a certain time frame). However HMRC does issue penalties for inaccuracies as a result of carelessness, or if you try to conceal your tax liability deliberately.

Read our guide to how to amend your tax return for more information.

HMRC penalty calculator

If you’ve made a mistake or filed your Self Assessment too late, you can get an estimate of how much your penalty will be by using a HMRC penalty calculator. Using a calculator can’t give you an exact figure, but it can give you a rough estimate of your fine to help you plan your finances.

Reasonable excuses for filing your tax return late

We all know that sometimes the unexpected happens and life events can send us off course. That’s why HMRC details what it deems a ‘reasonable excuse’ for late filing or payment.

If you receive a penalty, there’s a chance you’ll be able to appeal if there were extenuating circumstances that prevented you from filing your tax return on time.

Examples of reasonable excuses include:

your partner or another close relative died shortly before the deadline for submitting a tax return or payment
you had an unexpected hospital stay that meant you couldn’t meet your obligations
you suffered from a serious or life-threatening illness
the software you use to complete your returns failed just before the deadline, despite you taking reasonable care to maintain it
HMRC experienced technical problems – for example, the Self Assessment portal went down
fire, flood, or theft stopped you from completing your return on time
your delay was in relation to a disability

Your case will be considered on an individual basis, and HMRC will still want to see that you took reasonable care to meet your tax obligations.

How to appeal an HMRC penalty

The appeal process varies depending on the penalty you’ve received. You should usually appeal within 30 days of the date on your penalty notice.

To appeal a Self Assessment penalty…

To appeal against the £100 fine for filing your Self Assessment tax return late, you first need to have either filed your return or told HMRC you don’t need to complete one.

You can use the Self Assessment online portal to appeal any penalties from 2016-17 tax year or later. If you have an earlier penalty, or prefer to use a postal form, you can download form SA370 and send the completed form to HMRC.

To appeal a corporation tax or VAT late filing penalty…

You can use your HMRC online account if you’re a business appealing against a penalty for filing a VAT or corporation tax return late.

There are also specific online forms for certain types of appeal, which you’ll need to complete online and print before posting to HMRC. Examples of claim forms include:

To appeal HMRC fines relating to PAYE…

If you’re an employer appealing against a penalty relating to PAYE, you should use your account at HMRC’s online PAYE for employers portal.

Who handles an HMRC penalty appeal?

Your appeal will be investigated by an HMRC tax officer who wasn’t involved in the original penalty decision.

Alternatively, if you’re appealing a penalty related to an indirect tax such as VAT or excise duty, you might choose to appeal directly to the tax tribunal. You can also request a review from HMRC if you’d prefer.

What if I disagree with HMRC’s decision?

If you disagree with HMRC’s review of your penalty, you can make a further appeal to the tax tribunal. This is an independent body that’ll take evidence from both parties and then make its own decision.

If you want to take your case to tribunal, you must do so within 30 days of the review decision.

Alternatively, you might consider applying for alternative dispute resolution (ADR) to avoid a court hearing. You can apply for ADR if you’re trying to resolve a dispute with your personal tax and haven’t been successful through HRMC’s appeal process.

During ADR, an impartial third party will act as a mediator between you and HMRC. The idea is that they’ll help you identify the areas that need attention and, where relevant, help to re-establish contact between the two parties.

ADR is particularly useful if you disagree with HMRC over the facts of your case, or if communication between you and HMRC has broken down.

However, you should note that ADR isn’t an option if you’re appealing a fixed penalty, or if you’re disputing your payment deadline.

Tax guides for small business owners

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